Twelve of the 15 parties currently in parliament have plans in their election manifestos that conflict with the rule of law, according to the Dutch bar association, the Orde van Advocaten.

In total, the NovA identified over 100 problematic proposals and said the far right PVV, with 30, and FvD, with 33, are responsible for the majority of them. The far-right JA21 and the fundamentalist Protestant SGP, with 14 breaches each, and BBB with 13, complete the top five.

Most of the controversial proposals concern immigration, refugees, crime and punishment, and religion.

For example, the far-right PVV wants a ban on Islamic schools (and the BBB wants a ban on new ones), which would conflict with freedom of education, the association said. The PVV, JA21 and FvD also want to close the border to all refugees, which would breach international treaties.

The fundamentalist Protestant SGP would strip antisemitic rioters who have dual nationality of their Dutch passports and deport them. It would also take religion into account when assessing refugee applications.

The NovA described the findings as worrying. In 2012, just two parties had plans in their manifestos that conflicted with the constitution. “This is not about incidents but about a clear trend that is moving hand in hand with the more polarised political debate,” the association said.