The Netherlands goes to the polls to elect a new lower house of parliament on October 29. Here are some key facts about how the Dutch political system works.

The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy and the king (or queen) is the official head of state.

There are four layers of government in the Netherlands: local councils, provincial councils, the lower house of parliament or tweede kamer and the upper house of parliament or senate. The water boards are also directly elected as a sort of side step, as is the European parliament.

There are 150 MPs in the lower house or parliament and they are elected every four years, or earlier if the government collapses (which happens quite often). Their job is to make new laws and keep an eye on what ministers are up to.

The 75 members of the senate are elected every four years – out of step two years with the lower house – by members of the 12 provincial councils. The senate’s job is to ‘reflect’ on the implications of new legislation. The senate cannot amend legislation – it can only accept or reject it.

A government which does not have majority support in senate can’t be certain its more controversial policies will be approved and may need to make compromises to get them agreed.

Voting

To vote in the national elections, you must be a Dutch national and 18 or older. People who are eligible to vote are sent a polling card at least 14 days before the election. You also need to show id when you go to vote. You can also vote by proxy.

Non-Dutch nationals can vote in the local and European elections and for the water boards, provided they meet certain conditions, but not in the nationals.

Find out more about the conditions on the Election Council’s English website.

How does voting work?

Voting in the Netherlands is based on proportional representation according to an approved party list of candidates.

The party leader usually heads the list, while the last name is often a celebrity or known face of some sort who wants to show his or her support for the party. This ceremonial position is know as the lijstduwer.

The 15 biggest political parties in the Netherlands

To vote you first pick the party of your choice and then fill in the circle next to your chosen MP with a red pencil. (There have been attempts to introduce electronic voting in the Netherlands but allegations of fraud and privacy issues put paid to that.)

Preference voting

MPs are chosen according to their place on the list. However,  if an MP lower down the list gets a lot of preference votes – more than 25% of the electoral quota, to be technical about it – he or she will move up the list and win a seat in parliament by pushing someone else out.

You can, for example, vote for a woman who is just above the likely number of seats a party is expected to win in the hope of getting more women into parliament.

As soon as the polls close, public broadcaster NOS and some others publish the results of their exit poll. This gives a rough idea of what the outcome of the election is likely to be… but there are always variations and it is always wrong.

DutchNews.nl will be running live updates on the evening of the election on BlueSky, Mastodon and X so you can keep up to date with the latest happenings.

What happens next?

Dozens of parties may appear on the ballot paper, but only those beating the electoral quota will end up with an MP. This is calculated by dividing the overall number of votes cast by 150. In the last election that was 69,551 – so that a party scoring more votes than that was certain of at least one seat in parliament.

Any remaining votes are divided up according to a very complicated formula. Some parties agree to transfer their excess votes to another party so that they can benefit from the extra support and win a seat.

Once the dust has settled, parliament – the newly elected 150 MPs – will hold a debate on the results and select an verkenner – a senior statesman who looks into possible government coalitions in the days after a general election. The verkenner holds talks with party leaders to sound them out on potential partnerships.

Agreement

Once a potential coalition has been identified, parliament appoints an informateur,  another senior statesman or woman. They will then get down to the nitty gritty of working out a coalition agreement.

This can take months, during which time the new MPs have to deal with ministers who are in caretaker functions. So nothing really gets done and the country seems to function perfectly well.

Once that has been done, the informateur appoints a formateur – usually the leader of the biggest party, who will get down to the job of appointing ministers.

Once the new government has been finalised, it will publish its regeerakkoord – a document outlining all the plans that the new government has agreed on. This is usually a mish-mash of political compromises plus a host of new policies which no-one ever voted for but which seem to suit the new mood.

The previous formatie took 223 days and the resulting administration collapsed after 11 months in power.