Two more petrochemical companies in the Netherlands have announced closures, blaming growing pressure from international rivals and rising domestic costs.

Oil trader Gunvor said on Tuesday it will close its oil terminal in the port of Rotterdam due to the uncertain Dutch investment climate. The decision follows an earlier move by the Swiss firm to halt operations at its Rotterdam refinery.

Meanwhile, chemicals company Vynova announced it will shut down its PVC factory at the Chemelot industrial site in Limburg, putting around 100 jobs at risk. ‘

“The European PVC market is under strong pressure due to global overcapacity, persistently weak demand, and increased competition from regions with lower production costs and less stringent regulations,” chief executive Christophe André said.

Gunvor and Vynova join a growing list of manufacturers scaling back or leaving the Dutch market entirely.

Several chemicals firms, including US-based LyondellBasell, pigment specialist Tronox, and plastics producer Indorama, have closed operations in the Netherlands over the past year, leading to the loss of more than 1,000 jobs in the Port of Rotterdam industrial area.

A report from research institute TNO earlier this year highlighted the challenges faced by the sector, including high energy prices, complex regulations, unpredictable government policy, and a congested electricity grid.

On Tuesday the European Commission also announced measures aimed at supporting industry across the EU. They include stepping up protection against foreign competitors undercutting prices, and giving member states more flexibility to help reduce companies’ energy bills.

The EU also intends to identify key suppliers of strategic goods for sectors such as defence and healthcare, and offer targeted support where necessary to keep them operational.