The collapse of the right-wing Dutch government means that only issues and legislation deemed “uncontroversial” will be dealt with by parliament ahead of the formation of a new government, which will not take place before late this year at the earliest.

Caretaker prime minister Dick Schoof said on Tuesday he hoped that some topics — nitrogen pollution, asylum and the housing crisis — would remain on the agenda, but this will be up to MPs. And MPs from the former coalition parties are no longer bound by any alliance to vote along party lines in support of the government.

Much will become clearer during Wednesday’s debate on the cabinet failure. MPs are, for example, due to vote on two pieces of legislation on asylum — one to scrap permanent residency permits and one to introduce a two-tier system for classifying refugees — before the summer.

Even if these proposals are not declared controversial, and parliament remains deeply divided on the issue, they no longer have a minister, following the resignation of Marjolein Faber, to steer them through the parliamentary process.

The nitrogen crisis may also stall. PVV farm minister Femke Wiersma had drawn up a limited package of new measures, which were due to be developed in more detail by the autumn.

It is unclear whether opposition parties will support this process, given that some are pushing for the cabinet to go much further than the outgoing administration had intended.

An increase in defence spending and support for Ukraine is unlikely to be affected by the fall of the government, commentators say, as the rump cabinet can count on the backing of the GroenLinks-PvdA alliance.

The outgoing cabinet has already been mandated to vote in favour of raising the Nato norm at the summit in The Hague later this month.

In addition, caretaker housing minister Mona Keijzer, who announced on Tuesday that the rent freeze will not go ahead, will be able to proceed with her plans to cut red tape and boost construction.

However, her proposal to soften the impact of last July’s expansion of rent controls will not progress, as a majority of MPs support the stricter rules.

Plans to introduce a constitutional court and to reform the voting system — by introducing some form of local representation — are also set to be discarded.